The prostate cancer vaccine pipeline is littered with casualties – from the commercial failure of Dendreon Corporation’s approved Provenge (sipuleucel-T) to the late-stage clinical failure of Bavarian Nordic A/S’s Prostvac (rilimogene galvacirepvec) monotherapy and CureVac BV’s mRNA-based CV9104. And time and again, while cancer vaccines across a range of tumor types have shown promise in stimulating an immune response, they have subsequently failed to show clinical improvement in key endpoints that matter to patients, like overall survival.